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This is a continuation lesson
of reducing adjective clauses. If you haven't watched the lesson
on reduced adjective clauses, make sure to check that one out first. This lesson focuses on appositives. Before I show you what an appositive is,
take a look at the following sentences. UCI, which is a university in
Orange County, is known for its biology and engineering programs. Michelle Obama,
who is President Obama's wife, cares about the health of
children in the United States. Lord of the rings,
which was a story by J.R.R. Tolkien, was made into a three-part movie. Did you notice the commas
in each sentence? Take a look. Why are there commas? If you look at the main subject of each
sentence, UCI, Michelle Obama, and Lord of the Rings, they are all nouns that
are specific and generally well known. The adjective clauses between
the commas just give extra information. Compare them to the following sentences. The lady who is the manager of
the supermarket is my neighbor. The building which is an institution for after-school tutoring is very
popular in this neighborhood. Here, there are no commas. Why? It is because the lady and
the building are not specific. They are too general. The listener might not know
what I am referring to. It is necessary to say, the lady,
who is the manager of the supermarket, and the building, which is an institution for
after school tutoring, to be clear. Remember, when commas are added that
means the adjective clause is just additional information. Let's look at the original
three sentences again and study the pattern of the adjective clause. We see the main subject, Then the comma, Then the adjective clause pronoun who or
which, Then the be verb, And then a noun or a noun phrase,
And then, finally, the last comma. What are the rules? Similar to the previous video
on reducing adjective clauses, you would just have to cut the adjective
clause pronoun as well as the be verb. For this sentences, don't cut the commas
or the articles like a and an or the. Let's take a look at what
happens after reduction. UCI, a university in Orange County,
is known for its biology and engineering programs. Michelle Obama, President Obama's wife, cares about the health of
children in the United States. Lord of the Rings, a story by J.R.R.
Tolkien, was made into a three-part movie. These adjective clauses have been
reduced to nouns or noun phrases. Can you guess what these special
noun phrases are called? I'll give you a hint,
what's this video about? That's right, it's an appositive. An appositive is basically a noun, or a noun phrase,
that gives a new name to the main noun. A university in Orange County
is a noun phrase explaining UCI. President Obama's wife is a noun
explaining Michelle Obama. A story by J.R.R. Tolkien is a noun
phrase explaining Lord of the Rings. Appositives can be used in speaking or
writing but remember, if you use them in writing, make sure to
include the commas to separate the noun, or noun phases,
from the main part of the sentence. You are now ready to try the exercises.