جمله‌واره‌های وصفی خلاصه شده

A lesson on reducing adjective clauses. Before you watch this video, make sure
you have already reviewed the lessons on adjective clauses as subjects and
as objects. Listen to a conversation
about a picture that I took. Hey, cool picture. >> Thanks. I like to take pictures of people
who aren't looking at the camera. >> Did you talk to them after? >> Yeah. I sat down to chat with them for
a little bit. The boy who is sitting in
the middle is 11 years old. The girl who is standing next to
him is his seven year old cousin. The man who is on the left is a stranger,
the cartoon t-shirt which is worn by the boy, is pretty popular on these
days, my brother also likes that cartoon. >> I've never seen it before. I actually thought that
the man's outfit was funnier. He had so many different types of stripes,
his hat, sweater, and inside shirt
>> You're right. People who wear stripes should be careful
about mixing too many stripe patterns. By the way, why there's so
many pedestrian barriers? >> On that day,
police were setting up for a marathon. The road that was blocked by the barriers
was part of the finish line. After listening to the conversation, you
probably noticed many adjective clauses. Did you know that when native English
speakers use some adjective clauses, they naturally reduce them
because they can save time. We call them adjective phrases. Let me explain the difference between an
adjective clause and an adjective phrase. A phrase is shorter than a clause. An adjective clause has an adjective
clause pronoun, who, which, that. A phrase does not have
an adjective clause pronoun. A clause has a complete verb however
in a phrase the verb form is changed. Here is an example of a sentence
with an adjective clause. The boy who is sitting in
the middle is 11 years old. Who is sitting in the middle
is the adjective clause. Now let's reduce this clause
to an adjective phrase. The boy sitting in
the middle is 11 years old. Sitting in the middle is
the adjective phrase. In the phrase, you can see that there
is no adjective clause pronoun and the verb is shortened from is sitting,
to just sitting. What are the rules to do this? Let's take a look. Rule number one, you can only reduce adjective clauses that
use adjective clause subject pronouns. It doesn't work with object pronouns. If you have forgotten
adjective clause subject or object pronouns please
review those videos again. However here is an example
not from the conversation. Number one, my friend who is working
in New York City is coming to visit. Number 2, my friend who I met in
New York City is coming to visit. The first sentence uses
who as a subject pronoun. This means that you can
reduce the sentence more. On the other hand, in the second sentence,
you see who and then the I next to it. This is a sign that you are using who
as an adjective clause object pronoun. This clause cannot be reduced. Rule two, check the verb
situation of the adjective clause. If it is a progressive tense
with a prepositional phrase or a passive verb, they can be reduced. Let's look at the adjective clauses
from the conversation again. Number one, the girl who is standing next
to him is his seven year old cousin. Who is standing is
the present progressive. The man who is on the left is a stranger. In this sentence you see who is on. On is a preposition. So this is a prepositional phrase. Number three, the cartoon t-shirt which is worn by
the boy is pretty popular these days. Which is worn is a passive verb. Finally number four, the road that was blocked by the barriers
was part of the finish line. That was blocked is also a passive. For these four sentences you reduce
the clauses by cutting the adjective clause pronouns who, which or
that then you cut the be verb. The reduced sentences become
the girl standing next to him is his seven year old cousin. The man on the left is stranger. The cartoon t-shirt worn by the boy
is pretty popular these days. The road blocked by the barriers
was part of the finish line. There was one more sentence that
included a present progressive. I like taking pictures of people
who aren't looking at the camera. Here, you see a negative verb. Aren't looking,
which basically means are not looking. What should we do with negatives? Well, cut the who and
the be verb, and keep the not. It would look like this, I like taking pictures of people
not looking at the camera. Now what should we do if
there are no be verbs? Let's look at the following sentence. People who wear stripes should be careful
about mixing too many stripe patterns. Here, we have the simple
present tense wear. In this situation ,cut the who,
which, that, and take the verb and add -ing. The shorten sentence becomes
people wearing stripes should be careful about mixing
too many stripe patterns. Now we have reduced all
the clauses to phrases. Let's listen to the conversation
one more to see what happens. >> Hey, cool picture. >> Thanks.
I like taking pictures of people not looking at the camera. Did you talk to them after? >> Yeah, I sat down to chat with them for
a little bit. The boy sitting in
the middle is 11 years old. The girl standing next to him
is his seven year old cousin. The man on the left is a stranger. The cartoon t-shirt worn by the boy
is pretty popular these days. My brother also likes that cartoon. >> I've never seen it before. I actually thought that
the man's outfit was funnier. He had so many different types of stripes. His hat, sweater, and inside shirt. >> You're right. People wearing stripes should be careful
about mixing too many stripe patterns. By the way, why are there so
many pedestrian barriers? >> That day police were setting up for
a marathon. The road blocked by the barriers
was part of the finish line. >> The conversation is a little shorter,
right? Reducing adjective
clauses may be confusing, so remember to do the exercises.